A data-first snapshot (2024): prosecutor outcomes (non-indictment vs indictment) and offence-specific court caseload + final convictions where Romania publishes official, citable datasets.
This educational guide explains, in plain English, what “dismissal (classification)”, “waiver of prosecution”, “sending the case to court (indictment)”, and “guilty plea agreement” mean in Romania, how they show up in public statistics, and what those numbers do (and do not) mean in real life.
Practical guide for cross-border contracts involving Romania (a Romanian counterparty or performance in Romania): jurisdiction and arbitration clauses, governing law (Rome I), notices, evidence and contract language, escalation (negotiation/mediation/arbitration), plus good vs bad clause examples, a due diligence checklist and red flags.
A complete, practical guide for foreign companies facing unpaid commercial invoices in Romania: pre‑litigation (evidence, demand letters, negotiation/mediation), fast‑track routes (payment order, small‑value claims and EU options), enforcement (asset tracing, garnishment, seizure) and what changes if the debtor enters insolvency.
This guide is written for (1) creditors who want to recover against assets located in Romania and (2) debtors who are targeted with recognition/exequatur or enforcement measures in Romania. It shows the decision forks, the document package, the typical refusal grounds and the tactical moves that matter in the first 48 hours. Internal deep-dives on […]
If you live abroad (individual) or run a foreign company and something legal “touches” Romania—an unexpected court document, an administrative decision, a contractual dispute, a debt recovery issue, a seizure risk, or a foreign judgment you want to enforce—your biggest risk is rarely the substance alone. The biggest risk is procedure: service of documents across […]
If a foreign investor is buying a Romanian company or assets in energy, IT or infrastructure, FDI screening can become a critical path item. This hub explains the EU framework and Romania’s rules, highlights common red flags, and provides a board-ready checklist for planning timeline, documents and stakeholders.
In international contracts, the dispute-resolution clause often matters more than the commercial discount: it can decide speed, cost, confidentiality and whether you can actually enforce on assets. This guide compares court litigation vs arbitration, provides commented “model clauses” (good vs risky), a negotiation checklist, escalation clause examples, and explains the enforcement angle (EU: Brussels I bis; arbitration: New York Convention; exclusive choice of court support: HCCH 2005; drafting references: UNCITRAL).
When a succession involves assets or heirs in 2–3 countries, the “hard part” is not only proving heirship—it’s aligning jurisdiction, applicable law and documents that will be accepted abroad. This guide is a source-linked hub on Regulation (EU) 650/2012 and the European Certificate of Succession (ECS), with practical checklists and typical Romania + EU scenarios.
When a child is removed or kept across borders without consent or a court basis, time becomes critical. This guide explains the 1980 Hague Convention in plain English, how it interacts with the EU regime (Brussels IIb), who the key authorities are, and what practical steps help immediately—including a first-48-hours checklist.
If you need to use a document issued abroad in Romania (in court, before a notary, or with public authorities), focus on three checks: the authentication route (Apostille vs legalisation/superlegalisation vs EU simplifications), the translation route (authorised translator + signature legalisation), and the acceptable form of the document (original or certified copy). This guide is a source-linked “one-stop hub” with steps, checklists and the most common rejection pitfalls.
If you were served with a Romanian court/authority document while abroad, the clock may already be running. This practical hub helps you identify the document, locate the legal deadline, and act in the first 24 hours, 7 days, and 30 days to protect your rights.
A practical, citation‑ready A–Z glossary (171 terms) for international litigation involving Romania, written in plain English. It covers civil procedure, EU instruments, arbitration, enforcement and family/succession. Each term includes a short definition, practical context and a source code pointing to an official legal instrument (listed in “Sources”).
A comparative, citation‑ready reference page for enforcing foreign decisions in Romania: EU court judgments, non‑EU judgments, UK post‑Brexit judgments, commercial arbitral awards under the New York Convention, and ICSID awards. Includes a comparative matrix, three step‑by‑step text flowcharts, refusal grounds explained in plain language, a preparation checklist, and guidance on when to use local counsel + a Romanian bailiff.
A citation‑ready toolkit for businesses recovering debts in/into Romania: a late payment notice template, a pre‑litigation checklist, a practical decision guide (negotiation vs fast procedures vs standard claim), an evidence pack guide, a “common mistakes” table, and an interest/penalties clause example—each anchored in official sources.
This guide is a citation‑ready resource hub to the EU’s core cross‑border civil and commercial litigation tools, with direct links to official pages and online forms. Use it as a single starting point for unpaid invoices, small claims, serving documents abroad, taking evidence across borders, freezing bank accounts, legal aid and enforcing EU judgments.
A practical, globally applicable guide to get documents accepted abroad: when you need an apostille, when you need consular legalisation (superlegalisation), how to plan certified/sworn translations, and what to do first to avoid rejections. Includes checklists, recommended order, and official resources (HCCH, ministries, consulates).
A citation-friendly hub of official EU resources for cross-border civil & commercial litigation: practical forms (small claims, payment order, enforcement, account preservation), where to verify courts/fees, and where to read the law (EUR-Lex). Built for quick navigation and reliable linking.
If a claim involves Romania plus a foreign element (a contract with a foreign party, performance abroad, assets in another country), limitation strategy becomes a timing puzzle. You must identify which law governs limitation, when the clock starts, and what acts truly interrupt or suspend it—especially when service abroad, parallel proceedings, or acknowledgments of debt are in play. This guide explains the practical “how” (not just theory): typical time limits, what counts as interruption vs suspension, cross-border pitfalls (service channels, translations, evidence of delivery), and a concrete checklist to avoid missing deadlines. It is a general information resource, not legal advice for a specific case.
In cross-border disputes, “having the documents” is not enough—your evidence must be usable by a Romanian court without procedural roadblocks. That typically means (i) validating foreign public documents through an apostille (Hague 1961) or legalisation where applicable, (ii) preparing court-acceptable translations (usually notarised/certified translations under Romanian civil procedure rules), (iii) structuring email threads and digital files so their origin and context are clear, and (iv) planning realistically for witnesses or experts located abroad, including letters rogatory and, in EU matters, remote-taking-of-evidence mechanisms as an orientation. This practical guide gives step-by-step checklists, realistic document sets (contracts, invoices, emails, registers/logs), and common pitfalls that cause delays or exclusions.
If you are outside Romania and receive court papers (or plan to sue a Romanian counterparty), the first decisions you make—within days—can shape the whole case. This guide explains, in practical terms, how Romanian civil/commercial disputes move through courts and appeals, what deadlines commonly apply, what court fees and litigation costs to budget for, and how to participate remotely (powers of attorney, service/communications, translations, videoconference options and limits). You will also find realistic examples, a “first 7 days” checklist after receiving documents, and a mini-glossary of key terms. For cross-border situations, we point you to the official sources for court fees, EU document service rules, and apostille/legalisation basics.
If you are an EU or non-EU creditor and the debtor has bank accounts, receivables or assets in Romania, recovery can be efficient when you follow the right sequence: a properly documented pre-action notice, choosing a suitable fast-track court route (Romanian payment order or the Romanian small-claims track when the amount fits), applying interim measures early (precautionary attachment/garnishment) and then moving quickly to enforcement through a Romanian bailiff.
This guide explains what to prepare, how to build a “minimum creditor file”, when each procedure makes sense, how interim measures work in practice and what typically blocks cross-border cases: weak proof of performance, defective service of documents, choosing the wrong path (EU tools vs Romanian procedures), and waiting too long before freezing assets.
Romania does not use the common-law concept of a worldwide freezing order, but its Code of Civil Procedure provides powerful conservatory tools—asset-attachment and conservatory garnishment measures—as well as urgent injunction-style relief through the presidential ordinance procedure. Those mechanisms can be used to preserve Romanian assets or evidence while the merits are litigated or arbitrated abroad. This article maps the main interim measures available, explains the decision thresholds (urgency, risk of dissipation and a prima facie showing), and then shows how the cross-border framework works in practice: EU cases under Brussels I Recast Article 35, non-EU cases under Romanian international jurisdiction for urgent measures, and arbitration-support strategies. Practical filing and enforcement considerations are included throughout.
A creditor-focused roadmap to enforcing foreign arbitral awards in Romania. It explains the two main tracks: New York Convention enforcement for most commercial awards and the specific regime for ICSID awards. It covers how to select the correct legal basis, prepare the evidence package and translations, file the Romanian court application, and plan execution against Romanian assets. It also maps the limited refusal grounds under Article V and the practical arguments debtors raise, with practice-based pointers on how Romanian courts tend to approach them.
This guide explains how a creditor can turn a foreign court judgment into an enforceable recovery strategy in Romania. It starts with the threshold classification step: whether the case falls under an EU regime (where enforcement is typically streamlined and document-driven) or outside the EU, where Romanian recognition and enforcement rules apply. It then walks through the practical workflow—what to collect from the state of origin, how to prepare a Romania-ready enforcement file, and how to plan enforcement around the debtor’s assets (bank accounts, receivables, movable and immovable property). Finally, it outlines the most common debtor defences—especially procedural and public policy objections—and shows how to pre-empt delays by building a clean record (finality/enforceability, service and right to be heard, and consistency with prior proceedings).
Foreign rights holders increasingly face cross-border IP disputes that touch Romania. This article explains how to choose the right Romanian court, determine the applicable law, and build a persuasive evidence strategy, including digital proof and expert reports. It also shows how to coordinate Romanian actions with EUIPO proceedings, the Unified Patent Court and EU regulations on jurisdiction, evidence and enforcement, so that IP enforcement across Europe forms one coherent, effective strategy.
This article explains how foreign corporate groups can protect trade secrets and know-how in their Romanian operations. It covers the EU and Romanian legal framework (Directive 2016/943, GEO 25/2019, unfair competition and labour law), internal trade secrets governance, NDAs and non-compete clauses for employees and contractors, as well as enforcement strategies before Romanian courts, including interim measures, damages and coordination with unfair competition and criminal proceedings.
The article provides a practical framework for structuring licensing and franchising arrangements in Romania for foreign brands. It discusses how IP rights should be granted, typical contractual pitfalls under Romanian law, and enforcement strategies when local partners breach the agreement.
This article examines how third parties use .ro domains and social media accounts to impersonate foreign companies and divert customers. It outlines the main legal tools available in Romania, from domain name procedures and takedown requests to unfair competition claims and interim measures in court.
The article offers a step-by-step guide for foreign rights holders on using Romanian customs to detect and seize counterfeit goods at the border. It explains how to file an application, cooperate with customs, assess evidence and follow up with civil or criminal proceedings after a seizure.